地铁乘客对步行楼梯和自动扶梯的选择行为分析及建模

基于北京地铁6 个换乘站客流高峰期乘客对上行方向步行楼梯和自动扶梯的选择行为调查数据,采用灰色关联法计算乘客选择行为影响因素的重要度并排序.利用模糊数学理论建立乘客的选择行为模型,并分析乘客选择行为与相关影响因素的变化规律.研究表明,楼梯高度、扶梯前排队人数、乘客携带行李情况为影响乘客选择行为的重要因素.本文建立的模型可较好地刻画乘客的选择行为,模型计算结果与实际数据较吻合.此外,扶梯前排队人数少于25 人时,乘客选择楼梯的概率较小,受其他因素影响小;超过25 人后,乘客选择楼梯概率随排队人数的增加显著增加,且乘客负重、楼梯高度越小,影响越明显.不同负重乘客选择楼梯的概率随楼梯高度的变化规律一致,并随楼梯高度的增加近似呈线性下降.     

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随着教师住宅外迁、教职工拥有汽车的数量上升和高校与社会的交往越来越密切，校园内的停车问题日显突出。本文以北京航空航天大学校园为例，通过对进出校园的车流量、停车能力与车位分布、停车行为等进行调查、统计和分析，揭示校园内停车行为的规律，包括各时段进出校园的车辆总数、平均停车时间、车位周转率等，发现停车系统中存在的问题、并提出若干建议。该研究对其他高校有借鉴意义。     

Assessing the accuracy of the Sydney Household Travel Survey with GPS

Over the past few years, GPS has been used in a number of surveys in the US to assess the accuracy of household travel surveys. The results have been somewhat alarming in that most of these exercises have shown that the standard trip-based CATI survey conducted in the US under-reports travel by about 20–25%. It was decided to use GPS to assess the accuracy of the Sydney Household Travel Survey, a continuous survey conducted by face-to-face interviewing. The procedure used was for the interviewers to recruit households for the household travel survey in the normal manner, and then, if the household met certain criteria, to endeavour to recruit the household to also undertake a GPS survey. A small sample of about 50 households was obtained, and GPS devices successfully retrieved that measured data on the same day as the travel diary was completed. In addition, participants in the GPS survey completed a prompted recall survey a week or two later, using maps and tabulations of travel obtained from the GPS devices, to identify mode, purpose and occupancy for trips measured by the GPS, and also to check for accuracy in defining trip ends and total number of trips. Based on the analysis of the GPS compared to the diary results, it was found that respondents under-reported their travel by about 7%, which is much less than in the US CATI results. Respondents were also found to under-report travel distances and over-report travel times. There was also a high incidence of non-reporting for VKT.

Modeling residential sorting effects to understand the impact of the built environment on commute mode choice

This paper presents an examination of the significance of residential sorting or self selection effects in understanding the impacts of the built environment on travel choices. Land use and transportation system attributes are often treated as exogenous variables in models of travel behavior. Such models ignore the potential self selection processes that may be at play wherein households and individuals choose to locate in areas or built environments that are consistent with their lifestyle and transportation preferences, attitudes, and values. In this paper, a simultaneous model of residential location choice and commute mode choice that accounts for both observed and unobserved taste variations that may contribute to residential self selection is estimated on a survey sample extracted from the 2000 San Francisco Bay Area household travel survey. Model results show that both observed and unobserved residential self selection effects do exist; however, even after accounting for these effects, it is found that built environment attributes can indeed significantly impact commute mode choice behavior. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of the model findings for policy planning.

单中心大城市土地利用对居民出行方式的影响

为了全面了解大城市内部土地利用对居民出行行为的影响,以团块状单中心大城市为例研究了居民出行方式的相关特征。结果表明,团块状单中心城市内部土地利用密度和区位对居民出行方式有显著影响,步行和自行车出行比例由市中心向外围随着人口密度的减小而递减;助力车、摩托车、公交车、私家车出行比例则由市中心向外围随着人口密度的减小呈梯度式递增。土地混合利用程度对出行方式的选择影响不明显。土地利用对居民出行方式间的转移没有显著影响,居民出行方式间的转移局部与全局的特征相似。     

覆土波纹钢板拱桥施工过程的受力分析

基于一座实际的覆土波纹钢板拱桥,利用有限元方法建立了三维空间受力分析模型,采用现行公路规范的方法计算了不同覆土施工阶段的土压力荷载,对该桥覆土的施工过程进行了模拟,计算分析了覆土回填过程中关键截面变形和内力的变化规律。计算和分析结果表明,波纹钢板拱桥的各关键截面变形和内力随覆土回填过程发生较大变化,覆土初期拱两侧受到填土压力的挤压而下挠,同时拱顶处出现了反拱现象,且随覆土高度的增加拱顶处反拱逐渐增大,各截面的应力也均逐渐增大;覆土回填至拱顶之后,随覆土高度的增加拱顶处的反拱逐渐减小,同时拱顶拉应力也明显减小,整个拱圈趋于受压状态。因此,施工中应严格分层对称回填、压实,并应特别注意覆土回填至拱顶附近时结构的位移和应力变化。     

城市居民出行空间和方式联合选择模型研究

考虑到出行者出行空间和出行方式之间的重要联系,本文基于非集计模型中Nested Logit模型的理论和方法,结合2005年国内某大型城市居民出行调查数据,建立了城市居民出行空间和方式的联合选择模型。模型为2层的NL模型,第1层为空间选择层,第2层为方式选择层,以此将出行空间选择和出行方式选择连接起来。模型采用统计软件STATA 9进行标定,并通过统计指标进行验证,深入分析了影响出行者出行空间选择和出行方式选择的重要因素。最后,用同样的数据源建立了方式选择的MNL模型,通过对比联合模型和MNL模型的命中率和集计结果表明,出行空间和方式联合选择模型能够在较细的层面上预测出行者出行空间和交通方式的选择情况,从而提高了模型的精度和实用性。     

基于影响因素分类的路段行程时间融合研究

对基于固定检测信息和浮动车GPS信息的路段行程时间估计方法进行介绍和分析,明确了对基于以上两种检测信息进行路段行程时间估计方法有重要影响的因素,并设计试验对影响因素进行量化分析。在影响因素量化分析基础上,讨论两种估计方法的适用条件。对影响因素进行组合分类,并在分类的基础上对两种估计方法采用加权融合进行处理,分析了最优权重的分配原则。最后,用试验数据对融合方法进行验证,结果令人满意。     

运用多元智能理论设计教学过程培养自信职中生

职中生经常被社会和教师视为"差生",如何使这些学生重获自信,是职业教育一个永恒的主题。笔者通过多年的中等职业学校心理健康教育工作经历,把心理学领域的多元智能理论应用于文化课教学的实际,找到了一种适合职业学校学生学习文化课的方法,提高了学生们学习文化课的兴趣并使学生重获自信。     

城市居民高峰时段出行方式选择

城市居民在高峰时段出行时,有多种出行方式可供选择,在选择的过程中会综合考虑多方面的因素。采用模糊综合评价法对居民出行所考虑的各种因素进行评价,可以预测居民在高峰时段出行方式的结构和比例,对合理设置交通结构、减轻城市高峰时段的交通拥挤有现实指导意义。